The True Story Behind 'The Empress': What to Know About Empress Elisabeth of Austria

The Netflix period drama The Empress gives the prestige TV treatment to one of Europe's most glamorous monarchs: Empress Elisabeth of Austria. The German-language series, which returned for its final season on November 12, 2026, is a must-watch for Bridgerton and The Crown fans, as well as history buffs discovering a new royal to obsess over. It follows the rebellious empress's life following her whirlwind courtship with Emperor Franz Joseph I, as she struggles to adapt to the rigid court lifestyle and her demanding new role.

After watching the International Emmy-winning series, some fans may wonder whether Elisabeth's real life was as gilded and tragic as depicted in the fictionalized show. Below, we separate fact from fiction in the life of The Empress's Elisabeth of Austria.

Elisabeth, or Empress Sisi, was a beloved Austrian monarch.

Elisabeth von Wittelsbach was born into the royal Bavarian House of Wittelsbach on December 24, 1837. She was the third child of Duke Maximilian Joseph—who was as eccentric in real life as the show—and Princess Ludovika of Bavaria. Called Sisi by her family, she grew up in the Bavarian countryside and loved riding horses and playing in the woods.

Empress Sisi is one of the most well-known Habsburg monarchs, and she's famous for her notable beauty, her rebellious behavior as empress—she smoked, had a tattoo, did vigorous exercises like gymnastics, and avoided public duties—and the personal tragedies she faced. During her reign, she was known for connecting with the common people more than the average royal, as well as for her love of Hungary. Before Netflix's The Empress, her life was chronicled in several books and films, including the Sissi film trilogy and 2022's Corsage.

Elisabeth's meet-cute with Franz Joseph was very similar to 'The Empress.'

In real life, Elisabeth married her first cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, in a union that wasn't initially meant to happen. Instead, their mothers planned for Franz to marry Elisabeth's older sister, Helene, as seen in The Empress. However, per Brigitte Hamann's biography The Reluctant Empress: A Biography of Empress Elisabeth of Austria, Franz became immediately enamored with Elisabeth after seeing her for the first time in her mother's drawing room—no first meeting in the woods there.

Franz later asked for Elisabeth's hand through the proper channels—he told his mother to ask her mother. When Sisi learned of his interest, she reportedly said, "I love the emperor. If only he were not the emperor." Still, the pair were married on April 25, 1854, when she was 16 and he was 23.

Elisabeth did have a rough relationship with her mother-in-law, Archduchess Sophie.

As seen in The Empress, Elisabeth was miserable with life at the Habsburg court, where she was overwhelmed by the crowds in public and closely monitored in private. Per Hamann's biography, she hated most court procedures, including having women dress her and giving away her shoes after one wear. Also, she and Franz had very different personalities—she was more liberal, while he was conservative—and he worked nearly constantly. Per National Geographic, Franz even left their honeymoon early to return to his duties.

Elisabeth also had to contend with her mother-in-law, Archduchess Sophie. Sophie was known for being formidable; she reportedly orchestrated Franz's rise to the throne and advised him throughout his entire reign. She chose every member of Sisi's staff, who would relay everything she did back to Sophie, and controlled most aspects of Sisi's relationship with Franz, even having her own staff take care of the pair's first child instead of Sisi's.

However, per Hamann, Elisabeth possibly began to understand her mother-in-law with time. She once told a lady-in-waiting that Sophie meant well, but that "the paths were arduous and the manner harsh.”

Elisabeth and Franz had four children together.

The royal couple would eventually welcome four children, but the family was often beset by tragedy. Their oldest daughter, named Sophie after her grandmother, died of illness at the age of two while on a 1857 trip to Hungary with her parents and 10-month-old sister, Gisela. Some historians have theorized that Sophie died of typhoid fever, as seen on The Empress, but her cause of death isn't known for certain.

Elisabeth gave birth to her only son, Rudolf, in August 1858, followed by her youngest daughter Marie Valerie in 1868. Elisabeth's mother-in-law Sophie continued to take charge of her grandchildren's care, and Sisi mostly spent her time away from Vienna following a nervous collapse in 1862, per History.com. She also struggled with mental illness and disordered eating throughout her life. She reportedly refused to allow any portraits of herself past age 40, and no photographs past age 30.

Another tragedy rocked Elisabeth in 1889, when her 30-year-old son Rudolf was discovered dead at his hunting lodge, alongside his 17-year-old mistress Baroness Marie von Vetsera. It was later determined that the lovers died together in a murder-suicide pact. In addition to devastating Elisabeth, Rudolf's death also had shockwaves that would eventually lead to the First World War; since Rudolf had no heir, the crown passed to his uncle, Archduke Karl Ludwig, and his eldest son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Elisabeth and Franz had a complicated but cordial marriage.

While the first two seasons of The Empress have depicted Elisabeth and Franz as having a very passionate love, in real life, their 44 years of marriage were more chill than fiery. Per The World of the Habsburgs, Elisabeth had a shy and childlike demeanor during her first years in Vienna, coinciding with her struggle to adapt to the rigid court. Franz did not handle the discord between his wife and his mother well and often did not understand when Sisi did not adhere to the norms he had been raised to follow from a young age.

While Elisabeth had well-documented health problems starting from 1859, historians have also noted that her time spent recuperating away from court seemed to have prompted a transformation, as she spent several years traveling away from her mother-in-law. Per Habsburgs, upon her return to Vienna in 1861, she was more confident and demanding, ensuring that she and Franz had separate bedrooms. In 1865, she put her foot down when their son Rudolf struggled with the same harsh education that Franz experienced as a child. Franz thought Rudolf needed to toughen up, but Elisabeth threatened to leave him if Rudolf wasn't switched to a less militaristic education.

Though it's impossible to know the full scope of their relationship, historians have said that Franz seemed to love Elisabeth more than she loved him, however, this is often ascribed to him allowing her to be away for long periods and accepting her demands, even when they brought scandal. He eventually took lovers outside of his marriage, and Elisabeth possibly even encouraged his affair with actress Katharina Schratt, his close confidant from 1889 until his death. Franz and Sisi's marriage became more strained in her later years, but for the majority of their marriage, the pair were cordial and respectful towards each other.

Elisabeth had a close relationship with Count Andrássy of Hungary.

Season 3 of The Empress touches on one of the most-discussed topics of Empress Elisabeth’s reign: her close relationship with Count Gyula Andrássy and the many rumors surrounding them. Andrássy was a Hungarian statesman and a major figure in the fight for Hungarian independence while the country was under Hapsburg rule. He and Elisabeth met for the first time in January 1866, but according to Smithsonian Magazine, her admiration of Hungary’s language and culture predated their friendship. Upon their meeting, Elisabeth reportedly told Andrássy, “You see, when the Emperor’s affairs in Italy go badly, it pains me; but when things happen in Hungary, that is the death of me.”

Soon after this meeting, Elisabeth wielded her political influence to her support of Hungarian independence. In The Reluctant Empress, Hamann wrote, “For the sake of Hungary (and Andrássy), she worded her political preferences so sharply as to approximate blackmail.” In 1867, Franz signed the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, which established Austria and Hungary as separate sovereign states, with Franz Joseph as their shared monarch. He also appointed Andrássy as the Prime Minister of Hungary. Andrássy held the post until 1871, and later served as the Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary from 1871 to 1879.

Though both The Empress and the Sissi film trilogy romanticize the pair’s relationship, historians say it’s unclear whether Elisabeth and Andrassy were ever more than close friends.

Elisabeth was assassinated in 1898.

In September 1989, Elisabeth traveled to Geneva, Switzerland, under an assumed name. According to History.com, after news broke that she was in the country, an Italian anarchist, Luigi Lucheni, approached Sisi as she was boarding a ship and stabbed her with a "small triangular file." She collapsed soon after boarding the ship and later died of internal bleeding at the age of 60.